Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction Calculator

✖Distance between Two Points is defined as the length of space between two points. For finding the distance when curvature effects are considered, the value must be considered in kilometres.ⓘ Distance between Two Points [D]

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✖Combined error is the error obtained when both curvature and refraction effects are considered during surveying.ⓘ Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction [c_r]

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Formula

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Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction

Formula

`"c_r" = 0.0673*"D"^2`

Example

`"84.81482m"=0.0673*("35.5m")^2`

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Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction Solution

STEP 0: Pre-Calculation Summary

Formula Used

Combined Error = 0.0673*Distance between Two Points^2
c_r = 0.0673*D^2
This formula uses 2 Variables

Variables Used

Combined Error - (Measured in Meter) - Combined error is the error obtained when both curvature and refraction effects are considered during surveying.
Distance between Two Points - (Measured in Meter) - Distance between Two Points is defined as the length of space between two points. For finding the distance when curvature effects are considered, the value must be considered in kilometres.

STEP 1: Convert Input(s) to Base Unit

Distance between Two Points: 35.5 Meter --> 35.5 Meter No Conversion Required

STEP 2: Evaluate Formula

Substituting Input Values in Formula

c_r = 0.0673*D^2 --> 0.0673*35.5^2

Evaluating ... ...

c_r = 84.814825

STEP 3: Convert Result to Output's Unit

84.814825 Meter --> No Conversion Required

FINAL ANSWER

84.814825 ≈ 84.81482 Meter <-- Combined Error

(Calculation completed in 00.004 seconds)

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Credits

Created by Chandana P Dev

NSS College of Engineering (NSSCE), Palakkad

Chandana P Dev has created this Calculator and 500+ more calculators!

Verified by Ishita Goyal

Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology (MIET), Meerut

Ishita Goyal has verified this Calculator and 2600+ more calculators!

< 17 Levelling Calculators

Difference in Elevation between Two Points using Barometric Levelling

Go Distance between Points = 18336.6*(log10(Height of point A)-log10(Height of point B))*(1+(Temperature at Lower Ground Level+Temperature at Higher level)/500)

Difference in Elevation between Ground Points in short lines under Trigonometric levelling

Go Elevation Difference = Distance between Points*sin(Measured Angle)+Height of point A-Height of point B

Distance between Two points under Curvature and Refraction

Go Distance between Two Points = (2*Earth Radius in km*Error due to Curvature+(Error due to Curvature^2))^(1/2)

Distance for small errors under Curvature and Refraction

Go Distance between Two Points = sqrt(2*Earth Radius in km*Error due to Curvature)

Angle of Dip for Compass Surveying

Go Dip Angle = Distance between Two Points/Earth Radius in km*(180/pi)

Error Due to Curvature Effect

Go Error due to Curvature = Distance between Two Points^2/(2*Earth Radius in km)

Distance to Visible Horizon

Go Distance between Two Points = sqrt(Height of Observer/0.0673)

Permissible Closing Error for Rough Levelling

Go Closing Error = 100*sqrt(Distance between Two Points)

Permissible Closing Error for Ordinary Levelling

Go Closing Error = 24*sqrt(Distance between Two Points)

Permissible Closing Error for Accurate Levelling

Go Closing Error = 12*sqrt(Distance between Two Points)

Permissible Closing Error for Precise Levelling

Go Closing Error = 4*sqrt(Distance between Two Points)

Reduced Level given Height of Instrument

Go Reduced Level = Height of Instrument-Back Sight

Back Sight given Height of Instrument

Go Back Sight = Height of Instrument-Reduced Level

Height of Instrument

Go Height of Instrument = Reduced Level+Back Sight

Correction on Refraction Error

Go Refraction Correction = 0.0112*Distance between Two Points^2

Height of Observer

Go Height of Observer = 0.0673*Distance between Two Points^2

Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction

Go Combined Error = 0.0673*Distance between Two Points^2

Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction Formula

Combined Error = 0.0673*Distance between Two Points^2
c_r = 0.0673*D^2

What is the Curvature and Refraction effect on Surveying?

Curvature and refraction effects should be accounted for in precise levelling work and also if the sights are too long. The effect of curvature is to cause the objects sighted, to appear lower then they really are. The effect of refraction is to make the objects appear higher than they really are.

How to Calculate Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction?

Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction calculator uses Combined Error = 0.0673*Distance between Two Points^2 to calculate the Combined Error, The Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction is defined as the error obtained when both curvature and refraction effect is considered while surveying. Combined Error is denoted by c_r symbol.

How to calculate Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction, enter Distance between Two Points (D) and hit the calculate button. Here is how the Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction calculation can be explained with given input values -> 84.81482 = 0.0673*35.5^2.

FAQ

What is Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction?

The Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction is defined as the error obtained when both curvature and refraction effect is considered while surveying and is represented as c_r = 0.0673*D^2 or Combined Error = 0.0673*Distance between Two Points^2. Distance between Two Points is defined as the length of space between two points. For finding the distance when curvature effects are considered, the value must be considered in kilometres.

How to calculate Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction?

The Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction is defined as the error obtained when both curvature and refraction effect is considered while surveying is calculated using Combined Error = 0.0673*Distance between Two Points^2. To calculate Combined Error Due to Curvature and Refraction, you need Distance between Two Points (D). With our tool, you need to enter the respective value for Distance between Two Points and hit the calculate button. You can also select the units (if any) for Input(s) and the Output as well.

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