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Fundamentals of Analog Communications

Amplitude Modulation Characteristics

Analog Noise and Power Analysis

DSBSC Modulation

Frequency Modulation

Sideband and Frequency Modulation

✖Peak Value of Signal is the maximum value attained by an alternating quantity during one cycle. It is also known as the maximum value or crest value.ⓘ Peak Value of Signal [X_peak]			+10% -10%
✖RMS Value of Signal is the root-mean-square value of a signal. For a digitized signal, it represents the average "power" of a signal.ⓘ RMS Value of Signal [X_rms]			+10% -10%

✖The Crest Factor of an AC current waveform is the ratio of waveform's peak value to its RMS value.ⓘ Crest Factor [CF]

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Formula

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Crest Factor

Formula

`"CF" = "X"_{"peak"}/"X"_{"rms"}`

Example

`"3.913043"="90V"/"23V"`

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Crest Factor Solution

STEP 0: Pre-Calculation Summary

Formula Used

Crest Factor = Peak Value of Signal/RMS Value of Signal
CF = X_peak/X_rms
This formula uses 3 Variables

Variables Used

Crest Factor - The Crest Factor of an AC current waveform is the ratio of waveform's peak value to its RMS value.
Peak Value of Signal - (Measured in Volt) - Peak Value of Signal is the maximum value attained by an alternating quantity during one cycle. It is also known as the maximum value or crest value.
RMS Value of Signal - (Measured in Volt) - RMS Value of Signal is the root-mean-square value of a signal. For a digitized signal, it represents the average "power" of a signal.

STEP 1: Convert Input(s) to Base Unit

Peak Value of Signal: 90 Volt --> 90 Volt No Conversion Required
RMS Value of Signal: 23 Volt --> 23 Volt No Conversion Required

STEP 2: Evaluate Formula

Substituting Input Values in Formula

CF = X_peak/X_rms --> 90/23

Evaluating ... ...

CF = 3.91304347826087

STEP 3: Convert Result to Output's Unit

3.91304347826087 --> No Conversion Required

FINAL ANSWER

3.91304347826087 ≈ 3.913043 <-- Crest Factor

(Calculation completed in 00.006 seconds)

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< 24 Fundamentals of Analog Communications Calculators

Modulation Index with respect to Maximum and Minimum Amplitude

Go Modulation Index = (Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave-Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)/(Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave+Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)

Image Rejection Ratio

Go Image Rejection Ratio = (Image Frequency/Received Signal Frequency)-(Received Signal Frequency/Image Frequency)

Phase Constant of Distortion Less Line

Go Phase Constant of Distortion Less Line = Angular Velocity*sqrt(Inductance*Capacitance)

Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit

Go Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit = (2*pi*Resonant Frequency*Inductance)/Resistance

Modulation Index with respect to Power

Go Modulation Index = sqrt(2*((Average Total Power of AM Wave/Average Carrier Power of AM Wave)-1))

Cyclic Frequency of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Cyclic Frequency = 1/(2*pi*sqrt(Inductance*Capacitance))

Rejection Ratio

Go Rejection Ratio = sqrt(1+(Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit^2*Image Rejection Ratio^2))

Image Frequency Rejection Ratio of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Image Frequency Rejection Ratio = sqrt(1+(Quality Factor)^2*(Coupling Factor)^2)

Phase Velocity of Distortion Less Line

Go Phase Velocity of Distortion Less Line = 1/sqrt(Inductance*Capacitance)

Amplitude of Carrier Signal

Go Amplitude of Carrier Signal = (Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave+Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)/2

Modulation Index with respect to Amplitude Sensitivity

Go Modulation Index = Amplitude Sensitivity of Modulator*Amplitude of Modulating Signal

Maximum Amplitude

Go Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave = Amplitude of Carrier Signal*(1+Modulation Index^2)

Minimum Amplitude

Go Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave = Amplitude of Carrier Signal*(1-Modulation Index^2)

Intermediate Frequency

Go Intermediate Frequency = (Local Oscillation Frequency-Received Signal Frequency)

Transmission Efficiency with respect to Modulation Index

Go Transmission Efficiency of AM Wave = Modulation Index^2/(2+Modulation Index^2)

Modulation Index

Go Modulation Index = Amplitude of Modulating Signal/Amplitude of Carrier Signal

Bandwidth of Tuned Circuit

Go Tuned Circuit Bandwidth = Resonant Frequency/Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit

Deviation Ratio

Go Deviation Ratio = Maximum Frequency Deviation/Maximum Modulating Frequency

Image Frequency

Go Image Frequency = Received Signal Frequency+(2*Intermediate Frequency)

Carrier Frequency

Go Carrier Frequency = Angular Frequency of Modulating Signal/(2*pi)

Carrier Power

Go Carrier Power = (Amplitude of Carrier Signal^2)/(2*Resistance)

Crest Factor

Go Crest Factor = Peak Value of Signal/RMS Value of Signal

Figure of Merit of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Figure of Merit = 1/Noise Figure

Noise Figure of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Noise Figure = 1/Figure of Merit

Crest Factor Formula

Crest Factor = Peak Value of Signal/RMS Value of Signal
CF = X_peak/X_rms

What is significance of Crest Factor?

The crest factor provides information about the peakiness or spikiness of a signal. A higher crest factor indicates a waveform with sharp peaks, while a lower crest factor indicates a more evenly distributed energy across the waveform.

How to Calculate Crest Factor?

Crest Factor calculator uses Crest Factor = Peak Value of Signal/RMS Value of Signal to calculate the Crest Factor, Crest Factor is the ratio of the peak voltage value that an average reading or root-mean-square voltmeter will accept without overloading to the full-scale value of the range being used for measurement. Crest Factor is denoted by CF symbol.

How to calculate Crest Factor using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Crest Factor, enter Peak Value of Signal (X_peak) & RMS Value of Signal (X_rms) and hit the calculate button. Here is how the Crest Factor calculation can be explained with given input values -> 3.913043 = 90/23.

FAQ

What is Crest Factor?

Crest Factor is the ratio of the peak voltage value that an average reading or root-mean-square voltmeter will accept without overloading to the full-scale value of the range being used for measurement and is represented as CF = X_peak/X_rms or Crest Factor = Peak Value of Signal/RMS Value of Signal. Peak Value of Signal is the maximum value attained by an alternating quantity during one cycle. It is also known as the maximum value or crest value & RMS Value of Signal is the root-mean-square value of a signal. For a digitized signal, it represents the average "power" of a signal.

How to calculate Crest Factor?

Crest Factor is the ratio of the peak voltage value that an average reading or root-mean-square voltmeter will accept without overloading to the full-scale value of the range being used for measurement is calculated using Crest Factor = Peak Value of Signal/RMS Value of Signal. To calculate Crest Factor, you need Peak Value of Signal (X_peak) & RMS Value of Signal (X_rms). With our tool, you need to enter the respective value for Peak Value of Signal & RMS Value of Signal and hit the calculate button. You can also select the units (if any) for Input(s) and the Output as well.

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