Multiplication Factor Calculator

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Optical Detectors

C-V Actions of Optics Transmission

Fiber Optic Parameters

Transmission Measurements

✖Output Current is the total output current at the operating voltage.ⓘ Output Current [I_o]			+10% -10%
✖Initial Photocurrent refers to the initial current produced by a photodetector in response to incident light.ⓘ Initial Photocurrent [I_c]			+10% -10%

✖Multiplication Factor is a measure of the internal gain provided by the Avalanche Photodiode.ⓘ Multiplication Factor [M]

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Formula

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Multiplication Factor

Formula

`"M" = "I"_{"o"}/"I"_{"c"}`

Example

`"2.173913"="10A"/"4.6A"`

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Multiplication Factor Solution

STEP 0: Pre-Calculation Summary

Formula Used

Multiplication Factor = Output Current/Initial Photocurrent
M = I_o/I_c
This formula uses 3 Variables

Variables Used

Multiplication Factor - Multiplication Factor is a measure of the internal gain provided by the Avalanche Photodiode.
Output Current - (Measured in Ampere) - Output Current is the total output current at the operating voltage.
Initial Photocurrent - (Measured in Ampere) - Initial Photocurrent refers to the initial current produced by a photodetector in response to incident light.

STEP 1: Convert Input(s) to Base Unit

Output Current: 10 Ampere --> 10 Ampere No Conversion Required
Initial Photocurrent: 4.6 Ampere --> 4.6 Ampere No Conversion Required

STEP 2: Evaluate Formula

Substituting Input Values in Formula

M = I_o/I_c --> 10/4.6

Evaluating ... ...

M = 2.17391304347826

STEP 3: Convert Result to Output's Unit

2.17391304347826 --> No Conversion Required

FINAL ANSWER

2.17391304347826 ≈ 2.173913 <-- Multiplication Factor

(Calculation completed in 00.004 seconds)

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Credits

Created by Gowthaman N

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT University), Chennai

Gowthaman N has created this Calculator and 25+ more calculators!

Verified by Ritwik Tripathi

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT Vellore), Vellore

Ritwik Tripathi has verified this Calculator and 100+ more calculators!

< 25 Optical Detectors Calculators

SNR of Good Avalanche Photodiode ADP Receiver in decibels

Go Signal to Noise Ratio = 10*log10((Multiplication Factor^2*Photocurrent^2)/(2*[Charge-e]*Post Detection Bandwidth*(Photocurrent+Dark Current)*Multiplication Factor^2.3+((4*[BoltZ]*Temperature*Post Detection Bandwidth*1.26)/Load Resistance)))

Photocurrent due to Incident Light

Go Photocurrent = (Incident Power*[Charge-e]*(1-Reflection Coefficient))/([hP]*Frequency Of Incident Light)*(1-exp(-Absorption Coefficient*Width of Absorption Region))

Probability of Detecting Photons

Go Probability of Finding a Photon = ((Variance of Probability Distribution Function^(Number of Incident Photons))*exp(-Variance of Probability Distribution Function))/(Number of Incident Photons!)

Excess Avalanche Noise Factor

Go Excess Avalanche Noise Factor = Multiplication Factor*(1+((1-Impact Ionization Coefficient)/Impact Ionization Coefficient)*((Multiplication Factor-1)/Multiplication Factor)^2)

Total Photodiode Current

Go Output Current = Dark Current*(exp(([Charge-e]*Photodiode Voltage)/(2*[BoltZ]*Temperature))-1)+Photocurrent

Optical Gain of Phototransistors

Go Optical Gain of Phototransistor = (([hP]*[c])/(Wavelength of Light*[Charge-e]))*(Collector Current of Phototransistor/Incident Power)

Average Number of Photons Detected

Go Average Number Of Photons Detected = (Quantum Efficiency*Average Received Optical Power*Time Period)/(Frequency Of Incident Light*[hP])

Single Pass Phase Shift through Fabry-Perot Amplifier

Go Single-Pass Phase Shift = (pi*(Frequency Of Incident Light-Fabry–Perot Resonant Frequency))/Free Spectral Range of Fabry-Pérot Interferometer

Total Root Mean Square Noise Current

Go Total Root Mean Square Noise Current = sqrt(Total Shot Noise^2+Dark Current Noise^2+Thermal Noise Current^2)

Average Received Optical Power

Go Average Received Optical Power = (20.7*[hP]*Frequency Of Incident Light)/(Time Period*Quantum Efficiency)

Total Power Accepted by Fiber

Go Total Power Accepted by Fiber = Incident Power*(1-(8*Axial Displacement)/(3*pi*Radius of Core))

Multiplied Photocurrent

Go Multiplied Photocurrent = Optical Gain of Phototransistor*Responsivity of Photodetector*Incident Power

Temperature Effect on Dark Current

Go Dark Current in raised temperature = Dark Current*2^((Changed Temperature-Previous Temperature)/10)

Incident Photon Rate

Go Incident Photon Rate = Incident Optical Power/([hP]*Frequency Of Light Wave)

Maximum Photodiode 3 dB Bandwidth

Go Maximum 3db Bandwidth = Carrier Velocity/(2*pi*Depletion Layer Width)

Maximum 3dB Bandwidth of Metal Photodetector

Go Maximum 3db Bandwidth = 1/(2*pi*Transit Time*PhotoConductive Gain)

Bandwidth Penalty

Go Post Detection Bandwidth = 1/(2*pi*Load Resistance*Capacitance)

Long Wavelength Cutoff Point

Go Wavelength Cutoff Point = [hP]*[c]/Bandgap Energy

Quantum Efficiency of Photodetector

Go Quantum Efficiency = Number of Electrons/Number of Incident Photons

Multiplication Factor

Go Multiplication Factor = Output Current/Initial Photocurrent

Electron Rate in Detector

Go Electron Rate = Quantum Efficiency*Incident Photon Rate

Transit Time with respect to Minority Carrier Diffusion

Go Diffusion Time = Distance^2/(2*Diffusion Coefficient)

Longest Transit Time

Go Transit Time = Depletion Layer Width/Drift Velocity

3 dB Bandwidth of Metal Photodetectors

Go Maximum 3db Bandwidth = 1/(2*pi*Transit Time)

Detectivity of Photodetector

Go Detectivity = 1/Noise Equivalent Power

Multiplication Factor Formula

Multiplication Factor = Output Current/Initial Photocurrent
M = I_o/I_c

What's the significance of the multiplication factor M in an Avalanche Photodiode (APD)?

The multiplication factor M in an APD represents the internal gain, indicating how effectively the device amplifies weak incoming optical signals, crucial for enhancing sensitivity in low-light conditions, such as in optical communication systems.

How to Calculate Multiplication Factor?

Multiplication Factor calculator uses Multiplication Factor = Output Current/Initial Photocurrent to calculate the Multiplication Factor, The Multiplication Factor characterizes the internal gain of an APD. It represents the number of charge carriers generated through the avalanche process for each initial carrier created by the absorption of a photon. Multiplication Factor is denoted by M symbol.

How to calculate Multiplication Factor using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Multiplication Factor, enter Output Current (I_o) & Initial Photocurrent (I_c) and hit the calculate button. Here is how the Multiplication Factor calculation can be explained with given input values -> 2.173913 = 10/4.6.

FAQ

What is Multiplication Factor?

The Multiplication Factor characterizes the internal gain of an APD. It represents the number of charge carriers generated through the avalanche process for each initial carrier created by the absorption of a photon and is represented as M = I_o/I_c or Multiplication Factor = Output Current/Initial Photocurrent. Output Current is the total output current at the operating voltage & Initial Photocurrent refers to the initial current produced by a photodetector in response to incident light.

How to calculate Multiplication Factor?

The Multiplication Factor characterizes the internal gain of an APD. It represents the number of charge carriers generated through the avalanche process for each initial carrier created by the absorption of a photon is calculated using Multiplication Factor = Output Current/Initial Photocurrent. To calculate Multiplication Factor, you need Output Current (I_o) & Initial Photocurrent (I_c). With our tool, you need to enter the respective value for Output Current & Initial Photocurrent and hit the calculate button. You can also select the units (if any) for Input(s) and the Output as well.

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