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Contents of the Steering System PDF

List of 12 Steering System Formulas

Ackermann Steering Angle at Low Speed Cornering

Caster Angle

Motion Ratio or Installation Ratio in Suspension

Pinion Pitch Circle Radius

Slip Angle at High Cornering Speed

Steer Angle given Understeer Gradient

Steering Angle at High Cornering Speed

Steering Ratio

Torque Acting on Steering Arm

Understeer Gradient

Understeer Increment due to Steering System Compliance

Vehicle Body Slip Angle at High Cornering Speed

Variables used in Steering System PDF

A_α Horizontal Lateral Acceleration (Meter per Square Second)
b Wheelbase of Vehicle (Millimeter)
C₁ Camber 1 (Radian)
C₂ Camber 2 (Radian)
C_af Cornering Stiffness of Front Wheels (Newton)
C_α Cornering Stiffness
C_αr Cornering Stiffness of Rear Wheels (Newton)
F_f Frictional Force (Newton)
F_y Cornering Force (Newton)
g Acceleration due to Gravity (Meter per Square Second)
K Caster Angle (Radian)
K Understeer Gradient (Radian)
K_ss Effective Stiffness of Steering System (Newton Meter)
K_strg Under Steer Increment due to Steering Compliance (Radian)
M.R. Motion Ratio in Suspension
p Linear or Circular Pitch (Millimeter)
p Pneumatic Trail of Tire (Millimeter)
r Pinion Pitch Circle Radius (Millimeter)
R Radius of Turn (Millimeter)
R Steering Wheel Radius (Millimeter)
r_s Scrub Radius (Millimeter)
R_turn Turning Radius of Car (Millimeter)
S Steering Axis Inclination (Radian)
S_r Steering Ratio
ST Spring/Shock Travel (Millimeter)
t Number of Pinion Teeth
T Torque (Newton Meter)
T₁ Toe Angle 1 (Radian)
T₂ Toe Angle 2 (Radian)
v Lateral Velocity Component (Meter per Second)
v_t Total Velocity (Meter per Second)
W_f Weight under Front Axle (Newton)
W_fl Load on Front Axle at High Speed Cornering (Newton)
W_r Load on Rear Axle at High Speed Cornering (Newton)
WT Wheel Travel (Millimeter)
α Slip Angle at High Cornering Speed (Radian)
α_f Slip Angle of Front Wheel (Radian)
α_r Slip Angle of Rear Wheel (Radian)
β Vehicle Body Slip Angle (Radian)
δ Steer Angle (Radian)
δ_H Ackermann Steering Angle at High Cornering Speed (Radian)
δ_S Ackermann Steering Angle in Slow Speed cornering (Radian)

Constants, Functions and Measurements used in Steering System PDF

Constant: pi, 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288
Archimedes' constant
Function: cos, cos(Angle)
Cosine of an angle is the ratio of the side adjacent to the angle to the hypotenuse of the triangle.
Function: sin, sin(Angle)
Sine is a trigonometric function that describes the ratio of the length of the opposite side of a right triangle to the length of the hypotenuse.
Function: tan, tan(Angle)
The tangent of an angle is a trigonometric ratio of the length of the side opposite an angle to the length of the side adjacent to an angle in a right triangle.
Measurement: Length in Millimeter (mm)
Length Unit Conversion
Measurement: Speed in Meter per Second (m/s)
Speed Unit Conversion
Measurement: Acceleration in Meter per Square Second (m/s²)
Acceleration Unit Conversion
Measurement: Force in Newton (N)
Force Unit Conversion
Measurement: Angle in Radian (rad)
Angle Unit Conversion
Measurement: Torque in Newton Meter (N*m)
Torque Unit Conversion

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