What is external flow?
In fluid mechanics, external flow is such a flow that boundary layers develop freely, without constraints imposed by adjacent surfaces. Accordingly, there will always exist a region of the flow outside the boundary layer in which velocity, temperature, and/or concentration gradients are negligible. It can be defined as the flow of a fluid around a body that is completely submerged in it.
An example includes fluid motion over a flat plate (inclined or parallel to the free stream velocity) and flow over curved surfaces such as a sphere, cylinder, airfoil, or turbine blade, air flowing around an airplane and water flowing around the submarines.
How to Calculate Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness given displacement thickness?
Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness given displacement thickness calculator uses Hydrodynamic Boundary Layer Thickness = 8*Displacement Thickness to calculate the Hydrodynamic Boundary Layer Thickness, The Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness given displacement thickness formula is defined as the distance from the solid body at which the viscous flow velocity is 99% of the free stream velocity. Hydrodynamic Boundary Layer Thickness is denoted by 𝛿hx symbol.
How to calculate Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness given displacement thickness using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness given displacement thickness, enter Displacement Thickness (𝛿d) and hit the calculate button. Here is how the Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness given displacement thickness calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0.04 = 8*0.005.