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Fundamentals of Analog Communications

Amplitude Modulation Characteristics

Analog Noise and Power Analysis

DSBSC Modulation

Frequency Modulation

Sideband and Frequency Modulation

✖Received Signal Frequency is that frequency which is obtained at the receiver end of a Radio Channel.ⓘ Received Signal Frequency [F_RF]			+10% -10%
✖Intermediate Frequency is a frequency to which a carrier wave is shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception.ⓘ Intermediate Frequency [f_im]			+10% -10%

✖Image Frequency is defined as the sum of received signal and twice the intermediate frequency.ⓘ Image Frequency [f_img]

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Formula

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Image Frequency

Formula

`"f"_{"img"} = "F"_{"RF"}+(2*"f"_{"im"})`

Example

`"195Hz"="55Hz"+(2*"70Hz")`

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Image Frequency Solution

STEP 0: Pre-Calculation Summary

Formula Used

Image Frequency = Received Signal Frequency+(2*Intermediate Frequency)
f_img = F_RF+(2*f_im)
This formula uses 3 Variables

Variables Used

Image Frequency - (Measured in Hertz) - Image Frequency is defined as the sum of received signal and twice the intermediate frequency.
Received Signal Frequency - (Measured in Hertz) - Received Signal Frequency is that frequency which is obtained at the receiver end of a Radio Channel.
Intermediate Frequency - (Measured in Hertz) - Intermediate Frequency is a frequency to which a carrier wave is shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception.

STEP 1: Convert Input(s) to Base Unit

Received Signal Frequency: 55 Hertz --> 55 Hertz No Conversion Required
Intermediate Frequency: 70 Hertz --> 70 Hertz No Conversion Required

STEP 2: Evaluate Formula

Substituting Input Values in Formula

f_img = F_RF+(2*f_im) --> 55+(2*70)

Evaluating ... ...

f_img = 195

STEP 3: Convert Result to Output's Unit

195 Hertz --> No Conversion Required

FINAL ANSWER

195 Hertz <-- Image Frequency

(Calculation completed in 00.004 seconds)

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< 24 Fundamentals of Analog Communications Calculators

Modulation Index with respect to Maximum and Minimum Amplitude

Go Modulation Index = (Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave-Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)/(Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave+Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)

Image Rejection Ratio

Go Image Rejection Ratio = (Image Frequency/Received Signal Frequency)-(Received Signal Frequency/Image Frequency)

Phase Constant of Distortion Less Line

Go Phase Constant of Distortion Less Line = Angular Velocity*sqrt(Inductance*Capacitance)

Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit

Go Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit = (2*pi*Resonant Frequency*Inductance)/Resistance

Modulation Index with respect to Power

Go Modulation Index = sqrt(2*((Average Total Power of AM Wave/Average Carrier Power of AM Wave)-1))

Cyclic Frequency of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Cyclic Frequency = 1/(2*pi*sqrt(Inductance*Capacitance))

Rejection Ratio

Go Rejection Ratio = sqrt(1+(Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit^2*Image Rejection Ratio^2))

Image Frequency Rejection Ratio of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Image Frequency Rejection Ratio = sqrt(1+(Quality Factor)^2*(Coupling Factor)^2)

Phase Velocity of Distortion Less Line

Go Phase Velocity of Distortion Less Line = 1/sqrt(Inductance*Capacitance)

Amplitude of Carrier Signal

Go Amplitude of Carrier Signal = (Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave+Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)/2

Modulation Index with respect to Amplitude Sensitivity

Go Modulation Index = Amplitude Sensitivity of Modulator*Amplitude of Modulating Signal

Maximum Amplitude

Go Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave = Amplitude of Carrier Signal*(1+Modulation Index^2)

Minimum Amplitude

Go Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave = Amplitude of Carrier Signal*(1-Modulation Index^2)

Intermediate Frequency

Go Intermediate Frequency = (Local Oscillation Frequency-Received Signal Frequency)

Transmission Efficiency with respect to Modulation Index

Go Transmission Efficiency of AM Wave = Modulation Index^2/(2+Modulation Index^2)

Modulation Index

Go Modulation Index = Amplitude of Modulating Signal/Amplitude of Carrier Signal

Bandwidth of Tuned Circuit

Go Tuned Circuit Bandwidth = Resonant Frequency/Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit

Deviation Ratio

Go Deviation Ratio = Maximum Frequency Deviation/Maximum Modulating Frequency

Image Frequency

Go Image Frequency = Received Signal Frequency+(2*Intermediate Frequency)

Carrier Frequency

Go Carrier Frequency = Angular Frequency of Modulating Signal/(2*pi)

Carrier Power

Go Carrier Power = (Amplitude of Carrier Signal^2)/(2*Resistance)

Crest Factor

Go Crest Factor = Peak Value of Signal/RMS Value of Signal

Figure of Merit of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Figure of Merit = 1/Noise Figure

Noise Figure of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Noise Figure = 1/Figure of Merit

Image Frequency Formula

Image Frequency = Received Signal Frequency+(2*Intermediate Frequency)
f_img = F_RF+(2*f_im)

How Image Frequency is rejected?

The image rejection ratio, or image frequency rejection ratio, is the ratio of the intermediate-frequency (IF) signal level produced by the desired input frequency to that produced by the image frequency. The image rejection ratio is usually expressed in dB.

How to Calculate Image Frequency?

Image Frequency calculator uses Image Frequency = Received Signal Frequency+(2*Intermediate Frequency) to calculate the Image Frequency, Image Frequency is defined as the sum of received signal and twice the intermediate frequency. Image Frequency is denoted by f_img symbol.

How to calculate Image Frequency using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Image Frequency, enter Received Signal Frequency (F_RF) & Intermediate Frequency (f_im) and hit the calculate button. Here is how the Image Frequency calculation can be explained with given input values -> 195 = 55+(2*70).

FAQ

What is Image Frequency?

Image Frequency is defined as the sum of received signal and twice the intermediate frequency and is represented as f_img = F_RF+(2*f_im) or Image Frequency = Received Signal Frequency+(2*Intermediate Frequency). Received Signal Frequency is that frequency which is obtained at the receiver end of a Radio Channel & Intermediate Frequency is a frequency to which a carrier wave is shifted as an intermediate step in transmission or reception.

How to calculate Image Frequency?

Image Frequency is defined as the sum of received signal and twice the intermediate frequency is calculated using Image Frequency = Received Signal Frequency+(2*Intermediate Frequency). To calculate Image Frequency, you need Received Signal Frequency (F_RF) & Intermediate Frequency (f_im). With our tool, you need to enter the respective value for Received Signal Frequency & Intermediate Frequency and hit the calculate button. You can also select the units (if any) for Input(s) and the Output as well.

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