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Fundamentals of Analog Communications

Amplitude Modulation Characteristics

Analog Noise and Power Analysis

DSBSC Modulation

Frequency Modulation

Sideband and Frequency Modulation

✖Amplitude of Modulating Signal is the maximum displacement of the signal from its equilibrium or rest position, measured in units of the original signal amplitude.ⓘ Amplitude of Modulating Signal [A_m]			+10% -10%
✖Amplitude of Carrier Signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. The modulating signal is the signal that contains the information to be transmitted.ⓘ Amplitude of Carrier Signal [A_c]			+10% -10%

✖Modulation Index states the level of modulation that a carrier wave undergoes.ⓘ Modulation Index [μ]

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Formula

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Modulation Index

Formula

`"μ" = "A"_{"m"}/"A"_{"c"}`

Example

`"0.36"="6.12V"/"17V"`

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Modulation Index Solution

STEP 0: Pre-Calculation Summary

Formula Used

Modulation Index = Amplitude of Modulating Signal/Amplitude of Carrier Signal
μ = A_m/A_c
This formula uses 3 Variables

Variables Used

Modulation Index - Modulation Index states the level of modulation that a carrier wave undergoes.
Amplitude of Modulating Signal - (Measured in Volt) - Amplitude of Modulating Signal is the maximum displacement of the signal from its equilibrium or rest position, measured in units of the original signal amplitude.
Amplitude of Carrier Signal - (Measured in Volt) - Amplitude of Carrier Signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. The modulating signal is the signal that contains the information to be transmitted.

STEP 1: Convert Input(s) to Base Unit

Amplitude of Modulating Signal: 6.12 Volt --> 6.12 Volt No Conversion Required
Amplitude of Carrier Signal: 17 Volt --> 17 Volt No Conversion Required

STEP 2: Evaluate Formula

Substituting Input Values in Formula

μ = A_m/A_c --> 6.12/17

Evaluating ... ...

μ = 0.36

STEP 3: Convert Result to Output's Unit

0.36 --> No Conversion Required

FINAL ANSWER

0.36 <-- Modulation Index

(Calculation completed in 00.005 seconds)

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< 24 Fundamentals of Analog Communications Calculators

Modulation Index with respect to Maximum and Minimum Amplitude

Go Modulation Index = (Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave-Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)/(Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave+Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)

Image Rejection Ratio

Go Image Rejection Ratio = (Image Frequency/Received Signal Frequency)-(Received Signal Frequency/Image Frequency)

Phase Constant of Distortion Less Line

Go Phase Constant of Distortion Less Line = Angular Velocity*sqrt(Inductance*Capacitance)

Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit

Go Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit = (2*pi*Resonant Frequency*Inductance)/Resistance

Modulation Index with respect to Power

Go Modulation Index = sqrt(2*((Average Total Power of AM Wave/Average Carrier Power of AM Wave)-1))

Cyclic Frequency of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Cyclic Frequency = 1/(2*pi*sqrt(Inductance*Capacitance))

Rejection Ratio

Go Rejection Ratio = sqrt(1+(Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit^2*Image Rejection Ratio^2))

Image Frequency Rejection Ratio of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Image Frequency Rejection Ratio = sqrt(1+(Quality Factor)^2*(Coupling Factor)^2)

Phase Velocity of Distortion Less Line

Go Phase Velocity of Distortion Less Line = 1/sqrt(Inductance*Capacitance)

Amplitude of Carrier Signal

Go Amplitude of Carrier Signal = (Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave+Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)/2

Modulation Index with respect to Amplitude Sensitivity

Go Modulation Index = Amplitude Sensitivity of Modulator*Amplitude of Modulating Signal

Maximum Amplitude

Go Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave = Amplitude of Carrier Signal*(1+Modulation Index^2)

Minimum Amplitude

Go Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave = Amplitude of Carrier Signal*(1-Modulation Index^2)

Intermediate Frequency

Go Intermediate Frequency = (Local Oscillation Frequency-Received Signal Frequency)

Transmission Efficiency with respect to Modulation Index

Go Transmission Efficiency of AM Wave = Modulation Index^2/(2+Modulation Index^2)

Modulation Index

Go Modulation Index = Amplitude of Modulating Signal/Amplitude of Carrier Signal

Bandwidth of Tuned Circuit

Go Tuned Circuit Bandwidth = Resonant Frequency/Quality Factor of Tuned Circuit

Deviation Ratio

Go Deviation Ratio = Maximum Frequency Deviation/Maximum Modulating Frequency

Image Frequency

Go Image Frequency = Received Signal Frequency+(2*Intermediate Frequency)

Carrier Frequency

Go Carrier Frequency = Angular Frequency of Modulating Signal/(2*pi)

Carrier Power

Go Carrier Power = (Amplitude of Carrier Signal^2)/(2*Resistance)

Crest Factor

Go Crest Factor = Peak Value of Signal/RMS Value of Signal

Figure of Merit of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Figure of Merit = 1/Noise Figure

Noise Figure of Superheterodyne Receiver

Go Noise Figure = 1/Figure of Merit

Modulation Index Formula

Modulation Index = Amplitude of Modulating Signal/Amplitude of Carrier Signal
μ = A_m/A_c

How modulation index varies when given some values to it?

The modulation index or modulation depth is often denoted in percentage called as Percentage of Modulation. We will get the percentage of modulation, just by multiplying the modulation index value with 100.
For a perfect modulation, the value of modulation index should be 1, which implies the percentage of modulation should be 100%.
For instance, if this value is less than 1, i.e., the modulation index is 0.5, then the modulated output would have peak changes after some gaps. It is called as Under-modulation. Such a wave is called as an under-modulated wave.
If the value of the modulation index is greater than 1, i.e., 1.5 or so, then the wave will be an over-modulated wave. The output experiences a phase reversal.

How to Calculate Modulation Index?

Modulation Index calculator uses Modulation Index = Amplitude of Modulating Signal/Amplitude of Carrier Signal to calculate the Modulation Index, Modulation Index or modulation depth of a modulation scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level. It is defined differently in each modulation scheme. Modulation Index is denoted by μ symbol.

How to calculate Modulation Index using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Modulation Index, enter Amplitude of Modulating Signal (A_m) & Amplitude of Carrier Signal (A_c) and hit the calculate button. Here is how the Modulation Index calculation can be explained with given input values -> 0.36 = 6.12/17.

FAQ

What is Modulation Index?

Modulation Index or modulation depth of a modulation scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level. It is defined differently in each modulation scheme and is represented as μ = A_m/A_c or Modulation Index = Amplitude of Modulating Signal/Amplitude of Carrier Signal. Amplitude of Modulating Signal is the maximum displacement of the signal from its equilibrium or rest position, measured in units of the original signal amplitude & Amplitude of Carrier Signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal. The modulating signal is the signal that contains the information to be transmitted.

How to calculate Modulation Index?

Modulation Index or modulation depth of a modulation scheme describes by how much the modulated variable of the carrier signal varies around its unmodulated level. It is defined differently in each modulation scheme is calculated using Modulation Index = Amplitude of Modulating Signal/Amplitude of Carrier Signal. To calculate Modulation Index, you need Amplitude of Modulating Signal (A_m) & Amplitude of Carrier Signal (A_c). With our tool, you need to enter the respective value for Amplitude of Modulating Signal & Amplitude of Carrier Signal and hit the calculate button. You can also select the units (if any) for Input(s) and the Output as well.

How many ways are there to calculate Modulation Index?

In this formula, Modulation Index uses Amplitude of Modulating Signal & Amplitude of Carrier Signal. We can use 3 other way(s) to calculate the same, which is/are as follows -

Modulation Index = sqrt(2*((Average Total Power of AM Wave/Average Carrier Power of AM Wave)-1))
Modulation Index = Amplitude Sensitivity of Modulator*Amplitude of Modulating Signal
Modulation Index = (Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave-Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)/(Maximum Amplitude of AM Wave+Minimum Amplitude of AM Wave)

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