Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region Calculator

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Wave Propagation

Antenna Theory Parameters

Special Antennas

✖Critical frequency is the highest magnitude of frequency above which the waves penetrate the ionosphere and below which the waves are reflected back from the ionosphere.ⓘ Critical Frequency [f_c]			+10% -10%
✖The Angle of incidence is the angle formed at the point of incidence between the incident ray and the normal is called the angle of incidence at layer of ionosphere.ⓘ Angle of Incidence [θ_i]			+10% -10%

✖Maximum Usable frequency is the highest radio frequency that can be used for transmission between two points via reflection from the ionosphere.ⓘ Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region [F_muf]

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Formula

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Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region

Formula

`"F"_{"muf"} = "f"_{"c"}/cos("θ"_{"i"})`

Example

`"420.0435Hz"="45Hz"/cos("83.85°")`

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Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region Solution

STEP 0: Pre-Calculation Summary

Formula Used

Maximum Usable Frequency = Critical Frequency/cos(Angle of Incidence)
F_muf = f_c/cos(θ_i)
This formula uses 1 Functions, 3 Variables

Functions Used

cos - Cosine of an angle is the ratio of the side adjacent to the angle to the hypotenuse of the triangle., cos(Angle)

Variables Used

Maximum Usable Frequency - (Measured in Hertz) - Maximum Usable frequency is the highest radio frequency that can be used for transmission between two points via reflection from the ionosphere.
Critical Frequency - (Measured in Hertz) - Critical frequency is the highest magnitude of frequency above which the waves penetrate the ionosphere and below which the waves are reflected back from the ionosphere.
Angle of Incidence - (Measured in Radian) - The Angle of incidence is the angle formed at the point of incidence between the incident ray and the normal is called the angle of incidence at layer of ionosphere.

STEP 1: Convert Input(s) to Base Unit

Critical Frequency: 45 Hertz --> 45 Hertz No Conversion Required
Angle of Incidence: 83.85 Degree --> 1.46345857779697 Radian (Check conversion here)

STEP 2: Evaluate Formula

Substituting Input Values in Formula

F_muf = f_c/cos(θ_i) --> 45/cos(1.46345857779697)

Evaluating ... ...

F_muf = 420.04352759915

STEP 3: Convert Result to Output's Unit

420.04352759915 Hertz --> No Conversion Required

FINAL ANSWER

420.04352759915 ≈ 420.0435 Hertz <-- Maximum Usable Frequency

(Calculation completed in 00.004 seconds)

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< 16 Wave Propagation Calculators

Field Strength of Space Wave

Go Field Strength = (4*pi*Electric Field*Height of Receiving Antenna*Height of Transmitting Antenna)/(Wavelength*Antenna Distance^2)

Skin Depth or Depth of Penetration

Go Skin Depth = 1/Conductivity of Antenna*sqrt(pi*Relative Permeability*[Permeability-vacuum]*Frequency of Conductor Loop)

Phase Difference between Radio Waves

Go Phase Difference = 4*pi*Height of Receiving Antenna*Height of Transmitting Antenna/(Antenna Distance*Wavelength)

Height of Layer

Go Ionospheric Layer Height = Skip Distance/(2*sqrt((Maximum Usable Frequency^2/Critical Frequency^2)-1))

Maximum Usable Frequency

Go Maximum Usable Frequency = Critical Frequency*sqrt(1+(Skip Distance/(2*Ionospheric Layer Height))^2)

Propagation Distance

Go Skip Distance = 2*Ionospheric Layer Height*sqrt((Maximum Usable Frequency^2/Critical Frequency^2)-1)

Line of Sight

Go Line of Sight = 3577*(sqrt(Height of Receiving Antenna)+sqrt(Height of Transmitting Antenna))

Skip Distance

Go Skip Distance = 2*Reflection Height*sqrt((Maximum Usable Frequency/Critical Frequency)^2-1)

Refractive Index of Ionosphere

Go Refractive Index = sqrt(1-((81*Electron Density)/Operating Frequency^2))

Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region

Go Maximum Usable Frequency = Critical Frequency/cos(Angle of Incidence)

Normal of Reflecting Plane

Go Normal of Reflecting Plane = Wavelength/cos(Theta)

Wavelength of Plane

Go Wavelength = Normal of Reflecting Plane*cos(Theta)

Parallel of Reflecting Plane

Go Parallel of Reflecting = Wavelength/sin(Theta)

Electron Density

Go Electron Density = ((1-Refractive Index^2)*Operating Frequency^2)/81

Critical Frequency of Ionosphere

Go Critical Frequency of Ionosphere = 9*sqrt(Electron Density)

Antenna Beamwidth

Go Antenna Beamwidth = (70*Wavelength)/Antenna Diameter

Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region Formula

Maximum Usable Frequency = Critical Frequency/cos(Angle of Incidence)
F_muf = f_c/cos(θ_i)

MUF vs Critical frequency

Though critical frequency represents highest frequency which is reflected back from the layer at
vertical incidence; it is not highest frequency which is reflected from the layer.
The highest frequency which can be reflected depends on angle of incidence and on distance between transmitter and receiver antennas.

What is F - region of ionosphere?

F region, highest region of the ionosphere, at altitudes greater than 160 km (100 miles); it has the greatest concentration of free electrons and is the most important of the ionospheric regions.

How to Calculate Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region?

Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region calculator uses Maximum Usable Frequency = Critical Frequency/cos(Angle of Incidence) to calculate the Maximum Usable Frequency, Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region formula region refers to the highest frequency that can be effectively used for long-distance radio communication by reflecting off the F-region of the Earth's ionosphere. The F-region is the highest ionospheric layer, also known as the F2-layer, located approximately 200-400 km above the Earth's surface. Maximum Usable Frequency is denoted by F_muf symbol.

How to calculate Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region using this online calculator? To use this online calculator for Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region, enter Critical Frequency (f_c) & Angle of Incidence (θ_i) and hit the calculate button. Here is how the Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region calculation can be explained with given input values -> 420.0435 = 45/cos(1.46345857779697).

FAQ

What is Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region?

Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region formula region refers to the highest frequency that can be effectively used for long-distance radio communication by reflecting off the F-region of the Earth's ionosphere. The F-region is the highest ionospheric layer, also known as the F2-layer, located approximately 200-400 km above the Earth's surface and is represented as F_muf = f_c/cos(θ_i) or Maximum Usable Frequency = Critical Frequency/cos(Angle of Incidence). Critical frequency is the highest magnitude of frequency above which the waves penetrate the ionosphere and below which the waves are reflected back from the ionosphere & The Angle of incidence is the angle formed at the point of incidence between the incident ray and the normal is called the angle of incidence at layer of ionosphere.

How to calculate Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region?

Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region formula region refers to the highest frequency that can be effectively used for long-distance radio communication by reflecting off the F-region of the Earth's ionosphere. The F-region is the highest ionospheric layer, also known as the F2-layer, located approximately 200-400 km above the Earth's surface is calculated using Maximum Usable Frequency = Critical Frequency/cos(Angle of Incidence). To calculate Maximum Usable Frequency in F-region, you need Critical Frequency (f_c) & Angle of Incidence (θ_i). With our tool, you need to enter the respective value for Critical Frequency & Angle of Incidence and hit the calculate button. You can also select the units (if any) for Input(s) and the Output as well.

How many ways are there to calculate Maximum Usable Frequency?

In this formula, Maximum Usable Frequency uses Critical Frequency & Angle of Incidence. We can use 1 other way(s) to calculate the same, which is/are as follows -

Maximum Usable Frequency = Critical Frequency*sqrt(1+(Skip Distance/(2*Ionospheric Layer Height))^2)

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